A business plan for a restaurant business named Stake House Essay

Aneurysms Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aneurysms Nursing - Case Study Example Not all aneurysms are live compromising but rather when the vessel is over expanded it might blast causing gigantic interior dying (â€Å"Aneurysms and dissection†, 2011).In ordinary circumstances, veins are equipped for withstanding typical pulse because of their thick dividers. Dismemberment happens when a split happens in it is possible that at least one layers of the dividers of conduit. This parting causes seeping along and into layers of the vein divider (â€Å"What is aneurysm†, n.d). Occurrence, mortality and horribleness Aneurysms influence 1 in each 20 individuals in many social orders and are thusly a worldwide medical issue. It is approximated that around 30,000 individuals experience the ill effects of aneurysms in every year in USA (Khurana, and Spetzler, 2006) with stomach aortic causing around 9000 passings yearly. The vast majority of stomach aneurysms happen in fifth, sixth and seventh many years of life (Debakey, Crawford, Garrett, Beall, and Howell, 1965 ; Mastracci and Eagleton, 2011) .The 9000 passings are comprehensive of 1400-2800 passings which happens because of elective activity with an end goal to forestall blasting (Lederle et al., 2002). Aneurysms crack causes approximated mortalities of 80-90% and the greater part of the patients bite the dust before they are hospitalised.These passings are comprehensive of pre, intra and post usable cases (Russo, 2006).For aortic aneurysms, it has been assessed that 13,000 Americans bite the dust every year and the majority of these passings happen because of analyzations or blasting of supply routes (â€Å"What is aneurysm†, n.d).On the other hand, stomach aortic aneurysms (AAA) are the fourteenth driving executioner in USA (Russo, 2006). Hazard factors and reasons for aneurysms Any condition which prompts debilitating of supply routes dividers inclines an individual to aneurysm. Other hazard factors are smoking ,inalienable variations from the norm of connective tissue, for example, Ehler Donlos disorder, inherent bicuspid valve anomalies (Montgomery, Henderson, Ostrowsky, Karimmi and Hennein, 2010), hypertension, atherosclerosis which is portrayed by working up of greasy torment in the courses, profound injuries, wounds, contaminations happening in veins, acquired infections, for example, Malfan disorder (a wellbeing condition which influences body’s connective tissue) which makes individuals have truly adaptable joints and long bones (â€Å"Aneurysms and dissections†, 2011).Pregnancy has additionally been connected with the arrangement and blasting of aneurysms of the splenic conduit which prompts the spleen (Reed et al, 1992). Aneurysms can likewise happen because of blemished qualities which assume a basic job in keeping up the trustworthiness of blood vessel divider which offers quality and flexibility to supply routes. It has been felt that interruption of extracellar lattice of blood vessel divider assumes a basic job in pathogene sis of aneurysms, for example, intracranial aneurysms (Kuivaniemi,Troup and Prockop, 1991).For those patients with intracranial aneurysms it has been seen that they have diminished degree of blood vessel basic proteins (Kuivaniemi et al, 1991). Individuals with inadequate qualities have been appeared to have unusual aortic framework proteins, deficient restraint of proteolysis or overactive proteolysis, absence of elastin and anomalous creation of type 111collagen which is an auxiliary segment of aorta divider (Reed et al, 1992). Patients who have autosomal predominant polystic kidney malady (ADPKD) have additionally been appeared to have dangers of creating aneurysms. What's more, infective endocarditis and Aspergillosis, syphilis disease, injury and cocaine use has additionally been

PsyD Doctorate Psychology Degree

PsyD Doctorate Psychology Degree Student Resources Print Psy.D. Doctorate Psychology Degree By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 24, 2019 Vstock / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Earning a doctorate degree in psychology is a great way to improve your opportunities for career growth. While you might immediately assume that the Ph.D. degree is your only option, the Psy.D. degree is a doctoral-level degree that you should definitely consider. What Is a Psy.D.? The Psy.D., or doctor of psychology, is an applied clinical doctorate degree that is one of the highest level degrees available in the field of psychology. Until the late 1960s, the Ph.D. in psychology was the degree option available for professional psychologists. However, there was some concern that the doctor of philosophy degree did not provide adequate preparation for those interested in clinical work. As a result, the Psy.D. degree was developed in the early 1970s as a professional program to train psychologists as practitioners. What Can You Do With a Psy.D.? After earning a Psy.D. in clinical or counseling psychology and then passing the required licensing exams, an individual can diagnose and treat mental disorders including administering evaluations, conducting psychological tests and providing psychotherapy services. Individuals with a Psy.D. can work in a wide variety of settings including hospitals, mental health clinics, government offices, and schools. Some professionals choose to open their own psychotherapy practices or work as consultants for private corporations. Psy.D. Preparation is more focused on clinical work Graduates usually work with patients in clinical settings Education is more focused on how to administer psychological tests and evaluations Takes 4-7 years to complete Requires a clinical internship and dissertation Ph.D. Preparation is more focused on research Graduates often teach at the university level or do research Takes 4-7 years to complete Requires a clinical internship and dissertation How You Earn a Psy.D. The educational requirements for the Psy.D. are designed to train psychologists to utilize their understanding of the science of the mind and behavior to treat and diagnose mental illnesses. Most Psy.D. program takes approximately four to seven years to complete, during which students study and practice a wide variety of topics including psychological assessment, diagnosis, and clinical interventions. As with the Ph.D. degree, Psy.D. students must participate in a supervised practicum as well as a supervised internship in a clinical setting. During the practicum, students usually work part-time under the supervision of a licensed psychologist in a variety of different clinical settings. The internship is a full-time position and usually lasts at least one year. After completing an internship, students are then able to take state and national exams in order to become licensed psychologists. The American Psychological Association accredits both Psy.D. and Ph.D. programs. No matter what type of program you are considering, you should definitely check to see if the program is APA accredited. Most state licensing boards require applicants to have completed their degree and supervised internship at an APA accredited institution. How to Choose the Right Psychology Graduate Program Alternatives to the Psy.D. Degree Before you decide if the Psy.D. is the right degree for you, it is important to spend some time considering your options. The Psy.D. can be an excellent choice if you want to focus your energy on being a practitioner of psychology. If you are also interested in conducting research, then you might want to consider the Ph.D. option. If you know that you want to work in the field of mental health, but aren’t sure if you want to spend the time and money on a doctorate degree, social work, counseling, school psychology, education, and health sciences are other academic options that might also hold some appeal.

Types of Columns and Architectures Classical Order

If your architect suggests a Classical order for your new porch columns, theres no need to return a blank stare. Its a good idea. An Order of Architecture is a set of rules or principles for designing buildings — similar to todays building code. Five Classical orders, three Greek and two Roman, comprise the types of columns we use even in todays architecture. In Western-based architecture, anything called classical means its from the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. A Classical order of architecture is the approach to building design established in Greece and Rome during what we now call the Classical period of architecture, from roughly 500 B.C. to 500 A.D. Greece became a province of Rome in 146 B.C. which is why these two Western civilizations are grouped together as Classical. During this time period, temples and important public buildings were constructed according to five distinct orders, each using a defined pedestal, type of column (base, shaft, and capital), and a different style entablature above the column. The Classical orders grew in popularity during the Renaissance era when architects such as Giacomo barozzi of Vignola wrote about them and used the design. In Architecture the word Order signifies a composition (in the same style) of a pedestal, a column, and an entablature, together with their ornamentation. Order means a perfect and regular disposition of all the parts of a beautiful composition; in a word, order is the opposite of confusion. — Giacomo da Vignola, 1563 Heres a brief overview of what the orders are and how they came to be written down. The Greek Orders of Architecture When studying an era-by-era timeline of ancient Greece, the height of Greek civilization was known as Classical Greece, from about 500 B.C. The inventive ancient Greeks developed three architecture orders using three distinct column styles. The earliest known stone column is from the Doric order, named for architecture first seen in the Dorian area of western Greece. Not to be outdone, the builders in the eastern Greece area of Ionia developed their own column style, which is known as the Ionic order. Classical orders are not unique to each area, but they were named for the part of Greece where they were first observed. The most ornate Grecian order, the latest developed and perhaps the most well-known by todays observer is the Corinthian order, first seen in the central area of Greece called Corinth. The Roman Orders of Architecture The Classical architecture of ancient Greece influenced the building designs of the Roman Empire. The Greek orders of architecture were continued in Italian architecture, and Roman architects also added their own variations by imitating two Greek column styles. The Tuscan order, first seen in the Tuscany area of Italy, is characterized by its grand simplicity — even more streamlined than the Grecian Doric. The capital and shaft of the Composite order of Roman architecture can be easily confused with the Greek Corinthean column, but the top entablature is much different. Rediscovering the Classical Orders The Classical orders of architecture might have become lost to history if it were not for the writings of early scholars and architects. The Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius, who lived during the first century B.C., documented the three Greek orders and the Tuscan order in his famous treatise De Architectura, or Ten Books on Architecture. Architecture depends on what Vitruvius calls propriety — that perfection of style which comes when a work is authoritatively constructed on approved principles. That perfection can be prescribed, and the Greeks prescribed certain architectural orders to honor the different Greek gods and goddesses. The temples of Minerva, Mars, and Hercules, will be Doric, since the virile strength of these gods makes daintiness entirely inappropriate to their houses. In temples to Venus, Flora, Proserpine, Spring-Water, and the Nymphs, the Corinthian order will be found to have peculiar significance, because these are delicate divinities and so its rather slender outlines, its flowers, leaves, and ornamental volutes will lend propriety where it is due. The construction of temples of the Ionic order to Juno, Diana, Father Bacchus, and the other gods of that kind, will be in keeping with the middle position which they hold; for the building of such will be an appropriate combination of the severity of the Doric and the delicacy of the Corinthian. — Vitruvius, Book I In Book III, Vitruvius writes prescriptively about symmetry and proportion  Ã¢â‚¬â€ how thick the column shafts should be and the proportional heights of columns when arranged for a temple. All the members which are to be above the capitals of the columns, that is, architraves, friezes, coronae, tympana, gables, and acroteria, should be inclined to the front a twelfth part of their own height...Each column should have twenty-four flutes... After the specifications, Vitruvius explains why — the visual impact of the specification. Writing specifications for his Emperor to enforce, Vitruvius wrote what many consider the first architecture textbook. The High Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries renewed interest in Greek and Roman architecture, and this is when Vitruvian beauty was translated — literally and figuratively. More than 1,500 years after Vitruvius wrote De Architectura, it was translated from Latin and Greek into Italian. More importantly, perhaps, the Italian Renaissance architect Giacomo da Vignola wrote an important treatise in which he more thoroughly described all five classical orders of architecture. Published in 1563, Vignolas treatise, The Five Orders of Architecture, became a guide for builders throughout western Europe. The Renaissance masters translated Classical architecture into a new type of architecture, in the manner of Classical designs, just as todays new classical or neoclassical styles are not strictly Classical orders of architecture. Even if the dimensions and proportions are not exactly followed, Classical orders make an architectural statement whenever they are used. How we design our temples is not far off from ancient times. Knowing how Vitruvius used columns can inform what columns we use today  Ã¢â‚¬â€ even on our porches.   Sources The Ten Books on Architecture by Vitruvius Pollio, Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, Harvard University Press, 1914, Book I, Chapter II, Paragraph 5; Book III, Chapter V, paragraphs 13-14 The Five Orders of Architecture by Giacomo barozzi of Vignola, translated by Tommaso Juglaris and Warren Locke, 1889, p. 5

The Second Treatise On Civil Government And State Of Nature

Throughout 17th century England, religion had a huge impact on the way the government was ruled. In turn, this has caused many problems amongst different sects, most notably in the lead up to the publication of John Locke’s The Second Treatise on Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. It would appear that the official religion of Britain would change with the hands of the monarch at the time, particularly during the period known as the ‘Wars of the Three Kingdoms’ and later the ‘Glorious Revolution.’ With this in mind, Locke identified the problem of allowing magistrates to enforce religious beliefs on the Commonwealth and so separated the Church and State. This separation is largely due to his ideas written out in Social Contract, which places a substantial limit on the government’s role in religion. In order to discuss the eventual separation of Church and State, one must first understand the importance of Locke’s Social Contract in relation to the magistrate’s power. Unlike Thomas Hobbes’ view on the State of Nature, Locke’s works make an attempt to eliminate absolute rule and consequently proposes that the State of Nature is positive. In Locke’s eyes, the State of Nature was not something human beings want to get out of, but rather are forced to with the introduction of private property and money. Nevertheless, this innate desire to want to improve common stock comes from God given rationality thus making human beings fundamentally rational. It is underShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of government. 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How I’Ve Changed over the Past Year Free Essays

How I Have changed over the past year? Humans are as changeable as the weather. Or perhaps a more frequent changer. And being one myself I’m no different. We will write a custom essay sample on How I’Ve Changed over the Past Year or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every night when I look back to the previous day I see no change. But when I look back to the year that has just passed, I do see the difference. The experiences I went through changed me to a better or may be something close to a reformation. Nevertheless I’m not the same anymore I was always known to be short-tempered and egoistic. But last year one incident really changed the way I was and thought. My sudden fluctuations in temper made me lose a lot of friends and the loneliness I was in taught me to be more friendly and patient. My friends always knew how to react to my rudeness but unfortunately I forgot my new friends were not accustomed to it. I met some buddies in a friend’s birthday party, last year, who were more than just casual acquaintances. One of them dropped coke over my new silk dress and that did it! I started yelling at her without noticing I am ruining the party. To my surprise the girl started crying and ran away while I was left standing clueless. The birthday boy came up and said â€Å"I think you better go wash yourself, Sunnu, before the spots get dry. I’ll call you later. † He never called and probably would not have if I had not met him in a mall a few days later. â€Å"Yes, I didn’t. But neither did you. † He answered when I asked why he did not call. â€Å"But you said ‘you’ will call. â€Å"Yes, but don’t you think you were at fault and should have taken the first step and said sorry? † I was very confused. I did not know what he meant. Why should ‘I’ be sorry? It was ‘her’ fault, not mines. But now I know why he did not. I was too egoistic to even think of being sorry, let alone saying it. She did a mistake unintentionally, but I did a bigger mistake by not doing what I should have done – forgive and forget. I realized this when one day one of my friends told me â€Å"Sunnu, you never accept the fact that even ‘you’ can make mistakes. You are always too angry to even think what other people might feel at your choice of words. † I was lonely. My friends had left me trying every possible ways to make me realize. But this lone feeling gave me time to think over everything and that is when I realized how wrong I was. One day, one week, one month and in a year I changed myself. I was a reformed Sunayna. I was better and the proof is all the old friends and many new ones happily smiling on the pictures in my â€Å"My Friends† album on Facebook. How to cite How I’Ve Changed over the Past Year, Papers

Various Modes of Transportation

Table of Contents Surface (land) Transport Road transport Railway transportation mode Pipeline transportation mode Water transportation modes Air transport References By definition, the term ‘modes of transportation’ refers to the means by which people, goods and services achieve mobility. In logistics and geography, the wide diversity of transportation modes falls under one of the three major categories- land, water and air. In addition, each mode is adapted to serve certain requirements of mobility for freight and people. The result is a marked difference in the use and deployment of the various modes of transportation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Various Modes of Transportation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent times, technology and costs have made authorities and institutions attempt to integrate various modes through linking them closely. The aim is to enhance production an d distribution of resources (Winston, 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to develop an understanding of how the different modes of transportation compare with each other in terms of costs, capital requirements, government actions and cash requirements. Surface (land) Transport Land transportation includes three systems- roads, railways and pipelines. The three systems are some of the most advanced and useful forms of transport because they provide connection between communities, societies and institutions (Washington, Karlaftis Mannering, 2011). In addition, they provide a cheap way of connection over short and long distances and a convenient way of providing mobility of passenger, energy and freight of varying weight, size and nature. Road transport According to Anderson and McCullough (2011), road cost allocation is the analysis model that shows the roadway costs to different road users within the context of the share of cost imposed on each group. With this model, it is possible to determine the cost of using roads in the United States. It provides analysts with an easy way of estimationg the cost of road transportation. This depends on the vehicles used and the level of government involved in imposing costs (Washington, Karlaftis Mannering, 2011). For instance, the 2010 estimates indicate that automobile users meet a federal cost of about $0.011 per mile and state costs of about $0.018 per mile (National Research Council, 2011). In addition, they must meet user payments of $0.036 per mile and external costs of $0.12 per mile (Anderson McCullough, 2011). Thus, the total cost of using an automobile is about $0.149 per mile in the US. Similarly, the total cost of using pickups and vans is $0.421 per mile while the cost of using other vehicles such as unit trucks, combination trucks and buses is $0.162, $0.256 and $0.144 respectively (Anderson McCullough, 2011). These estimates indicate that the cost of using vehicles depend on size- the heavier the vehicle , the higher the cost of using roads Apart from the facility costs, using roads in the United States as a mode of transport requires additional costs due to policing, planning, street lighting and court fees (National Research Council, 2011). Accordingly, some motor vehicle costs are set and imposed by municipal governments, including street-parking ($12.9-21.56 billion USD), fire protection (0.9-3.4USD) and policing (9.4-14.2 billion USD) (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, road usage requires extensive use of fuel, which is primarily in the form of petroleum products (gas) obtained from gas stations throughout the country. In this case, road users must bear the cost of fuelling their vehicles. For instance, automobiles and pickups use the least fuel per mile while heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses use more fuel. Construction and mai ntenance of roads in the US is one of the most important but expensive tasks used to enhance logistics in the country. Statistics provided by institutions such as FHWA indicate that roadway expenditures by all levels in the US are estimated at $217 billion (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). This includes the cost of construction and maintenance of all roads. According to estimates, road construction costs, including grading and paving, ranges from $320,000 in good conditions to $2,800,000 per mile in difficult conditions (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). In rural areas, it is estimated that the cost of constructing roads ranges from $2,400,000 to $4,400,000 (Hummels, 2007). In addition, it is worth noting that roads occupy extensive land. Therefore, land value must be determined when estimating the cost of road transport in the United States. Estimates indicate that the cost of land devoted to roads in the country exceeds $500 billion, with an annualized value of about $40 billion (National Research Council, 2011). Apart from these costs, road transportation mode has a number of regulations. For instance, each motorist must obtain a valid driving licence. Moreover, it is a legal requirement that children under the age of 16 years should not drive. This also applies to people under the influence of alcohol and other drugs as well as people with mental problems. Railway transportation mode Railway transportation is similar to road transport because can accommodate a wide range of passengers and freight. Nevertheless, railroads are efficient in transporting heavy freight along great distances at low costs. In addition, rail transportation mode is more efficient in fuel usage compared to road transportation modes. According to estimates, the cost of transporting freight such as oil or petroleum products in the US using railroad is about $10.3 billion between Bakken, ND, and Gulf Coast (Government Accountability Office, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report s ample on Various Modes of Transportation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When using roads to transport an equal amount of freight over the same distance, it would cost $3.21billion above the amount spent on railroad transport (Government Accountability Office, 2010). In addition, railroad transportation is time efficient because the causes of delay are fewer than those affecting road transport. The cost of building and running railway lines is cheaper than the cost of building roads. For instance, estimates indicate that the cost of building a single-track freight line with a low number of locomotives, running on flat ground and with simple signalling system is about $2 million per kilometre, which includes mechanical and electrical equipping costs (Government Accountability Office, 2010). High technology and high-speed railway lines cost the government about $200 million per kilometre (Anderson McCullough, 2011). This shows that th e cost of building high technology and speed railways is higher than the cost of building highways. However, the amount of freight and passenger that each can hold differs, with railway transport being the most efficient and less costly (Winston, 2005). It is also worth noting that companies, rather than individuals, operate railway transport. Therefore, government regulations are mostly directed towards these companies. For instance, the regulation on weight (rail truck units) and length of a single engine train affects individual companies involved. In addition, the security requirements for freight and passengers affect companies because they are supposed to provide such services to freight and passengers. This differs from regulations in road transport that affect both individuals and companies. Pipeline transportation mode Pipeline transport has become an efficient means of transporting liquid and gaseous substances in the recent past. This is due to its ability to transport he avy and risky commodities over long distances. In addition, it operates at low costs. In the US, the cost of transporting crude oil between Bakken and Gulf coast is about $9.3 billion for pipelines and $10.3 billion for roads (Hummels, 2007). Similarly, it is estimated that the cost of transporting crude oil from Alberta to Gulf Coast is about $13.7 for pipeline and $15.7 for rails (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). Thus, it is important to note that the cost of using pipelines is less when compared to both rail and road transport.Advertising Looking for report on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the cost of building pipelines differs significantly with the cost of constructing railroads and roads. For instance, the cost of constructing a gas pipeline of 12-20 inches is about $961 per mile and $835 per mile for a 22-30 inch pipeline (Winston, 2005) For crude oil, the cost of constructing a 12-20 inch pipeline is about $516 per mile and $530 per mile for a similar pipeline designed for oil products. In total, it is estimated that the cost of building all types of pipelines for crude oil, gas and petroleum product is about $4,469, $6,163 and $4,726 per mile respectively (Hummels, 2007). This shows that the constructing pipeline is more efficient than constructing roads and rails to transport the same product. Water transportation modes Water transportation is the oldest mode of transport. It is divided into inland and external transport systems. In the United States, inland transport includes the transportation of freight and passengers between cities and towns al ong the American coastlines and in the great lakes. Domestic water transportation in the country accounts for 30 per cent of the total amount of freight and passengers transported with this mode. The cost of transporting freight and passengers using ships and other marine vessels is about $29.0 billion per year, which compares to $542 billion, $50.0 billion, $10 billion and $ 29 billion for road, rail, pipeline and air transportation costs respectively. It is also estimated that the price of fuel for marine vessels range between $60 and $160 per mile (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). The cost of constructing facilities for ships and marine vessels is less than that of roads, rails and pipelines because vessels only runs on the water surface. They only need docking and control facilities. In most cases, water transport for freight and passengers involves companies and not individuals. However, some individuals own or operate domestic ships and other vessels for transport and leisure. As such, they are equally affected by government regulations and policies. For instance, in the US, there are regulations on the amount of freight and number of passengers (weight) that can be transported on a ship at a time. In addition, the age of a vessel and fuel usage are regulated. Licensing is one of the most significant methods of government control and policing in water transport. Security for passengers and freight must be guaranteed by the company offshore and at the docks. Unlike other forms of transportation, water transportation modes have the capacity to accommodate large and bulky freight over long distances. Capital considerations include the cost of the vessels and the cost of constructing docking facilities. For instance, the cost of a cruise ship known as Queen Mary, a typical ship, is about $800 million (Hummels, 2007). A typical container ship costs about $75 million. This is an indication that capital considerations must always revolve around the cost of the vess els and its maintenance because docking facilities are provided by the government at a cost. Air transport Air transport is the most recent and most efficient in terms of duration. The method requires extensive infrastructure, security and legal regulations. In addition, it requires expertise and large amounts of capital to operate. The economics of air transport compares with that of other types of transportation. For instance, air transport has contributed to globalization because aircrafts provide real-time connection between continents. In fact, aircrafts spend between 5 and 10 hours to travel from Europe to America. It is estimated that air transport contributes to the transportation of 1 million people per year, and the number is increasing. The cost of air transport is about $29.0 billion per year, which compares to $542 billion, $50.0 billion, $10 billion and $ 29 billion for road, rail, pipeline and water transportation costs respectively (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). Air t ransport is the most risky and sophisticated mode of transportation. Unlike other modes of transportation, air transport is regulated to enhance security for the crew, passengers, freight and people on the ground. For instance, the issue of terrorism is a threat to modern air transport. As such, several regulations and restrictions have been developed. In addition, licensing of flight companies and their crew is an important aspect of air transport that affects operators. References Anderson, D., McCullough, G. (2011). The Full Cost of Transportation in the Twin Cities Region. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Centre for Transportation Studies. Government Accountability Office, (2010). Freight Railroads: Industry Health Has Improved, but Concerns about Competition Capacity Should Be Addressed, 2006. New York: U.S. Department of Transportation. Hummels, D. (2007). Transportation costs and international trade in the second era of globalization. The Journal of Economic Perspe ctives, 21(3), 131-154. Margreta, M., Ford, C., Dipo, M. A., (2011). U.S. Freight on the Move: Highlights from the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey Preliminary Data, 2010. New York, NY: Cengage National Research Council, (2011). Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Washington, DC: National Research Council. Washington, S. P., Karlaftis, M. G., Mannering, F. L. (2011). Statistical and econometric methods for transportation data analysis. New York: CRC press. Winston, C. (2005). Conceptual developments in the economics of transportation: an interpretive survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 23(1), 57-94. This report on Various Modes of Transportation was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.